Cheapest Owner Operators Truck Insurance Cost Roanoke, Virginia

Roanoke ( ROH-ə-nohk) is an independent city in the U.S. state of Virginia. At the 2020 census, the population was 100,011, making it the eighth-most populous city in the state and the largest city west of Richmond. It is located in the Roanoke Valley of the Roanoke Region of Virginia.

Roanoke is the largest municipality in Southwest Virginia, and is the principal municipality of the Roanoke metropolitan area, which had a 2020 population of 315,251. It is composed of the independent cities of Roanoke and Salem, and Botetourt, Craig, Franklin, and Roanoke counties. Bisected by the Roanoke River, Roanoke is the commercial and cultural hub of much of Southwest Virginia and portions of Southern West Virginia.

The current site of Roanoke lies near the intersection of the Great Wagon Road and the Carolina Road, two branches of a network of early colonial roads that developed from Native American trails in the Appalachian region. While the name Roanoke is said to have originated from an Algonquian word for “shell money”, that name was first used 300 miles (480 km) away where the Roanoke River empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Roanoke Island. The Roanoke Valley itself was originally home to members of the Tutelo tribe, a Siouan-speaking people who were gradually pushed out of the area by advancing European settlers.

Many of those settlers were Scotch-Irish who arrived in the region during the 18th and early 19th centuries following the Plantation of Ulster. These pioneers often moved with the frontier, however, pushing farther west into Kentucky and beyond rather than taking root in one location. In their place came significant numbers of Germans from Pennsylvania via the Great Wagon Road who stayed and farmed the land. By 1838 the area was populated enough that Roanoke County was created out of parts of Botetourt and Montgomery Counties, and the area’s first railroad, the Virginia and Tennessee, arrived in 1852.

The railroad built their new depot just south of a small town named Gainesborough, but named the depot after Big Lick, another small community located just to the east, which itself was named after the salt deposits that had drawn game to the area for years. Gainesborough became increasingly referred to as Big Lick and even later as Old Lick once development drifted further south towards the depot. Growth in the area was stalled by the Civil War; Roanoke County voted 850-0 in favor of secession and lost many of its men in the subsequent fighting. The burgeoning tobacco trade helped the region’s recovery during Reconstruction, however, and within a decade of the war’s end there were no fewer than six tobacco factories in the immediate vicinity of the Big Lick Depot.

In 1874 the community surrounding the depot applied for and received a town charter and the Town of Big Lick was formally established. A pivotal moment in the area’s history occurred eight years later when efforts by town boosters succeeded in securing Big Lick as the junction of the Shenandoah Valley Railroad and the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W). The two companies also relocated their respective headquarters to the town (the two lines would officially merge in 1890). Big Lick’s relatively small size compared to the nearby county seat Salem worked in its favor as a draw for the railroad, as the town’s ample farmland and nearby water sources were well suited to the railroads’ goal of building what was essentially an entire town, including railroad shops, offices, a hotel, and suitable housing for their many employees.

Big Lick’s residents voted to rename the town “Kimball” after Frederick J. Kimball, an executive for the two railroad companies who played a significant role in their new location. Kimball turned down the honor, saying, “On the Roanoke River in Roanoke County – name it Roanoke.” The town obliged, officially becoming the Town of Roanoke on February 3, 1882. The new charter also annexed nearly two and a half square miles of additional land, including the Town of Gainesborough (later shortened to Gainsboro) which by that point had already become the center of the area’s African American community. Kimball chose a wheat field north of the railroad tracks and east of Gainsboro for the N&W’s new hotel, and the 69-room Hotel Roanoke – designed originally in the Queen Anne style before numerous rebuilds and expansions gave it its current Tudor Revival appearance – opened its doors in 1882.

With the rapid influx of railroad employees and others in associated industries, Roanoke’s population soared, and by the end of 1883 had passed 5,000. That milestone made the town eligible for a city charter, and on January 31, 1884 the town became the City of Roanoke.

With a population that ballooned from 400 residents in 1880 to 16,000 in 1890 – and earning itself the nickname “The Magic City” in the process – Roanoke suffered many of the same difficulties that affected other 19th century boomtowns. Its infrastructure was largely nonexistent, and a lack of sewers combined with the area’s marshy terrain contributed to regular outbreaks of diphtheria and cholera. Bond initiatives designed to alleviate these and other issues highlighted racial tensions in the city, as the African American community – roughly 30 percent of Roanoke’s population in 1891 – opposed the measures on the grounds that the money would only be used to improve white neighborhoods. Black neighborhoods in Roanoke typically received public amenities such as running water and paved roads only after their white counterparts, and Roanoke was among the first to adopt the Jim Crow laws that were becoming increasingly popular in the South. The local press, for its part, stoked the white population’s fears and anxiety with near-constant reports of African American “savagery”.

In September 1893 tensions boiled over when a white woman was allegedly robbed and beaten by an African American man near the city’s market. The supposed assailant was being held in the city jail when a mob of hundreds surrounded the building and demanded “lynch justice”. A shootout between the mob and an undermanned militia left eight dead and thirty-one more injured, including the city’s mayor, the previously widely-admired Henry S. Trout, who had vowed protection of the prisoner. A renewed and riotous mob was eventually successful in gaining control of the accused assailant and proceeded to hang him and mutilate his body, which was eventually burned when the mob was deterred from its initial plan to bury it in Mayor Trout’s front yard. The mayor himself was forced to flee the city out of fear for his life, and only returned a week later after the national press condemned the riot and praised Trout’s courage.

Despite these and other setbacks, the city continued to grow through the early 20th century. This growth was manifested both in population surges as well as in multiple annexations of land from the surrounding county. In addition to land gained with its 1882 town charter, relatively unopposed annexations occurred five more times by 1926, though Roanoke County would become less agreeable to later attempts. Mill Mountain became a popular entertainment locale for early residents, with an observation tower and the Rockledge Inn each opening atop the mountain in 1892. Mountain Park, an early amusement center complete with a casino and roller coaster, opened at the foot of the mountain in 1903, and beginning in 1910 visitors could pay a quarter to ride an incline railway to the top of Mill Mountain and back.

Another mainstay at the base of the mountain has been Roanoke Memorial Hospital. Completed in 1900 as Roanoke Hospital, the building has undergone many expansions and today is the flagship of the Carilion Clinic healthcare group. The hospital joined a number of manufacturing operations that were established along the banks of the Roanoke River in the early 20th century, including the American Viscose Corporation. That company built a plant in 1917 that by a decade later would employ 5,000 and be the largest rayon producing mill in the world.

The city leased land for an airfield beginning in 1929, but its development into the region’s primary airport wouldn’t begin until its designation as a defense project provided federal funding in 1940. That same year N&W donated the fairground Maher Field to the city for the purpose of building a stadium and armory. Victory Stadium – optimistically named upon its completion in 1942 – would play host to the annual Thanksgiving Day football game between Virginia Tech and Virginia Military Institute for years afterwards.

By the mid-20th century Roanoke was increasingly losing population and businesses to a Roanoke County that had become less rural and more suburban in nature and consequently more resistant to annexation attempts by the city. The city was nevertheless successful in annexing additional land in 1943, 1949, three small acquisitions in 1965, 1967, and 1968, and once more in 1976. The county won immunity from further annexations in 1980, but by then the city had grown from its original size of 0.5 square miles (1.3 km) to 43.0 square miles (111 km).

In 1949 the local merchants association erected an 88.5-foot-tall (27.0 m) illuminated star at the top of Mill Mountain in celebration of the upcoming Christmas shopping season. The star was an immediate hit among the city’s population, leading to its illumination year-round and earning the city its nickname of “Star City of the South”. Despite the popularity boost for the merchants association, shopping habits in Roanoke were becoming more fractured as suburban shopping centers drew patrons away from an increasingly vacant downtown. Crossroads Mall, the first enclosed shopping center in Virginia, and Towers Mall, at the time one of the largest shopping centers in the state, were each completed in 1961. In later years, Tanglewood Mall (1973) and Valley View Mall (1985) contributed to Roanoke’s status as the region’s retail hub.

Another drastic mid-century change to the city arrived with a massive “urban renewal” effort that saw the construction of both the Roanoke Civic Center (now Berglund Center) as well as an interstate spur into Downtown Roanoke. Much of the land for these projects was in Northeast Roanoke, a community of primarily African American citizens who had been largely redlined from the rest of the city. City officials gained the land through eminent domain and proceeded to clear over 1,000 buildings, often through widescale burning. Later projects in the largely black Gainsboro neighborhood removed hundreds of homes and businesses there as well, and late-20th and early-21st century revitalization efforts have been met with distrust and varied success.

The second half of the 20th century ushered in a change of identity for Roanoke. In 1982 the N&W completed a merger with the Southern Railway to form the Norfolk Southern Railway, which then relocated their headquarters from Roanoke to Norfolk, Virginia (and have since moved again to Atlanta, Georgia). The company closed their regional headquarters in Roanoke in 2015, and in 2020 shuttered the locomotive shops. The departure of the railroad combined with a string of manufacturing plant closures left a hole in the city’s economic base.

In 1987, however, the merger of two of the area’s largest hospitals created what would eventually become Carilion Clinic, a medical group that has since become the largest employer in the state west of Richmond. The group’s partnerships with Virginia Tech and Radford University have created a college and research facility in what was formerly an industrial brownfield area and has now been termed the city’s “innovation corridor”. These developments along with the city’s decision to improve its parks and recreation amenities and market itself as an outdoor tourism hotspot have helped reverse its decades-long loss of young adults, and in 2020 Roanoke’s population passed 100,000 for the first time since 1980.

Roanoke is the largest city in Virginia west of Richmond and the largest located in the Blue Ridge Mountains, a range that is part of the larger Appalachian Mountains. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 42.9 square miles (111.1 km), of which 42.5 square miles (110.1 km) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.8 km) (0.8%) is water. It is located in the center of the greater Roanoke Valley, and is bisected by the Roanoke River flowing west-to-east through the city. Within the city limits is Mill Mountain, a 1,700-foot-tall (520 m) mountain and 500-acre municipal park which stands detached from the surrounding ranges.

Roanoke’s location in the Blue Ridge Mountains makes it proximate to hundreds of species of plants and wildlife. The area is home to at least 43 species of salamander, and the Poor Mountain Natural Area Preserve in neighboring Roanoke County protects the world’s largest collection of piratebush, an exceedingly rare parasitic plant endemic to the Appalachians.

Roanoke is the largest city along both the Appalachian Trail, which runs through Roanoke County just north of the city, and the Blue Ridge Parkway, which runs just south of the city. Carvins Cove, the third-largest municipal park in America at 12,700-acre (51 km), lies in northeast Roanoke County and southwest Botetourt County. Smith Mountain Lake is several miles southeast of the city, and the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests are nearby. The area offers ample opportunities for hiking, mountain biking, cross-country running, canoeing, kayaking, fly fishing, disc golf, and other outdoor pursuits.

Within its boundaries, Roanoke is divided into 49 individually defined neighborhoods. The city has incorporated into its comprehensive plan the goal of developing these neighborhoods into “villages”, each with their own village center, and with the Downtown neighborhood acting as the village center for the city as a whole. The Raleigh Court neighborhood has been cited as a model for such development, consisting of a variety of residential settings located around Grandin Village, an active commercial hub anchored by the Grandin Theatre, the city’s only surviving historic theatre. That commercial district is one of the city’s eight neighborhoods or portions thereof that have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Though located along the Blue Ridge Mountains at elevations exceeding 900 ft (270 m), Roanoke lies in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen Cfa), with four distinct, but generally mild, seasons, and it is located in USDA hardiness zone 7b, with the suburbs falling in zone 7a. Extremes in temperature have ranged from 105 °F (41 °C) as recently as August 21, 1983, down to −12 °F (−24 °C) on December 30, 1917, though neither 100 °F (38 °C) nor 0 °F (−18 °C) is reached in most years; the most recent occurrence of each is July 20, 2020 and February 20, 2015, respectively. More typically, the area records an average of 6.1 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing and 30.5 days with 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs annually. The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from 37.9 °F (3.3 °C) in January to 77.8 °F (25.4 °C) in July.

Based on the 1991−2020 period, the city averages 14.8 inches (38 cm) of snow per winter. Roanoke experienced something of a snow drought in the 2000s until December 2009 when 17 inches (43 cm) of snow fell on Roanoke in a single storm. Winter snowfall has ranged from trace amounts in 1918–19 and 1919–20 to 62.7 inches (159 cm) in 1959–60; unofficially, the largest single storm dumped approximately three feet (0.9 m) from December 16−18, 1890.

Historically, flooding has been one of the main weather-related hazards faced by Roanoke. Heavy rains, most frequently from the remnants of a hurricane, drain from surrounding areas to the narrow Roanoke Valley. The most recent significant flood was in the fall of 2018 when the remains of Hurricane Michael dumped over five inches of rain on the area in the span of only a few hours. The most severe flooding in the city’s history occurred on November 4, 1985, when heavy storms from Hurricane Juan stalled over the area. Ten people drowned in the Roanoke Valley and others were saved by rescue personnel. That incident prompted a major flood reduction effort completed in 2012 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers which has limited the damage caused by subsequent storms.

At the 2020 census, there were 100,011 people residing in 44,411 households in the city, 21,199 of which housed families. The population density was 2,352.0 inhabitants per square mile (908.1/km). The racial makeup of the city was 55.94% White, 27.07% African American, 0.21% Native American, 2.46% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.52% from other races, and 5.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.48% of the population.

Among the number of households, 25.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.4% were married couples living together, 37.4% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present, and 42.3% were non-families. 38.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

24.0% of the population were under the age of 20, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.1 years.

The median household income was $45,664 and the median family income was $55,345. The per capita income was $29,585. About 20.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.2% of those under age 18 and 12.3% of those age 65 or over.

Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.

Roanoke’s economy initially developed as a result of and in support of its status as the headquarters for the Norfolk and Western Railway. As time progressed, manufacturing and mining businesses contributed to the region’s growth. After the N&W’s merger with the Southern Railway created the Norfolk Southern Railway in 1982, Norfolk Southern continued to operate maintenance facilities and a rail yard in Roanoke but moved its headquarters to Norfolk, Virginia, and in 2015 moved out of its Downtown Roanoke office building. On May 18, 2020, after 139 years of production, Norfolk Southern shut down its locomotive shops and moved all operations to the Juniata Locomotive Shops in Altoona, Pennsylvania. With Norfolk Southern’s departure, Roanoke’s economy has since the mid-1990s shifted to become dominated by the healthcare industry.

The city’s current top employer – and the largest private employer west of Richmond – is Carilion Clinic, which developed from the 1987 merger of two of the area’s largest hospitals. Now employing over 13,000 people, Carilion operates seven hospitals in Western Virginia along with public-private partnerships with Virginia Tech (Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute) and Radford University (Radford University Carilion). The clinic’s expansions have spurred considerable development in the former brownfields located south of Roanoke’s downtown, turning the once abandoned industrial sites into what’s been termed the city’s “innovation corridor”.

Another driving factor in the region’s economy has been the push during the 21st century to market the area’s outdoor recreation potential. The Roanoke Regional Partnership, an economic development group representing the area’s municipalities, has created a division called the Roanoke Outside Foundation that seeks to recruit businesses and talent based on the strength of the region’s natural amenities. The organization also puts on annual events such as the Blue Ridge Marathon and the GO Outside Festival which themselves generate millions of dollars in economic impact in the region.

Other areas of strength in the region’s economy include manufacturing and retail, each of which compose over ten percent of the valley’s total industry. Transportation manufacturers such as Yokohama Tire, Volvo, Mack Trucks, Metalsa and Altec contribute to the thousands of people employed in that field regionally. Night-vision device makers Elbit Systems and the fiber optics company Luna Innovations are just two of the hundreds of other advanced manufacturers based in the area.

According to Roanoke’s 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Frequently described as the “arts and cultural hub of Southwest Virginia,” Roanoke is home to several museums and cultural institutions in addition to being the host of a number of festivals, many centering around Elmwood Park in Downtown Roanoke.

Center in the Square, an arts and culture organization located near downtown’s historic market building and farmers’ market, was developed alongside the city’s “Design ’79” downtown revitalization effort and opened in 1983. The center, located in a converted warehouse, originally housed the city’s arts council and museum, history and science museums, and the Mill Mountain Theatre. It has since expanded to five buildings providing rent-free space to twelve institutions, including the Science Museum of Western Virginia and Hopkins Planetarium, the Harrison Museum of African American Culture, and the Roanoke Pinball Museum.

One of the original tenants of Center in the Square, the Art Museum of Western Virginia, moved to its own facility on Salem Avenue in downtown in 2008. The move was made with the help of a $15.2 million donation from Nicholas and Jenny Taubman, whose family had established Advance Auto Parts in Roanoke in the 1930s, and as a result the museum was renamed the Taubman Museum of Art. The art museum features 19th and 20th century American art, contemporary and modern art, decorative arts, and works on paper, and presents exhibitions of both regional and national significance. The 75,000-square-foot (7,000 m) facility was designed by Los Angeles-based architect Randall Stout, who earlier in his career worked under Frank Gehry. Though the building’s avant-garde design was controversial, it has since won international praise for its architecture.

Also located downtown is the Virginia Museum of Transportation, which houses many locomotives that were built in Roanoke by the Norfolk & Western Railway, including the 1218 and 611 steam engines, the latter being a J-class steam engine considered the pinnacle of steam locomotive technology. A 2013 fundraising campaign led to the engine’s refurbishment, and it now does tourist excursion runs when not at home at the museum. In addition to its rail exhibits, the museum also displays a US Army Jupiter rocket and houses exhibits covering aviation as well as automobiles. The museum itself is located in the former Norfolk and Western freight depot which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The former Norfolk and Western passenger station hosts two museums: the O. Winston Link Museum, dedicated to the late steam-era railroad photography of O. Winston Link, and the History Museum of Western Virginia. The building is one of four contributing structures to the Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Berglund Performing Arts Theatre is a 2,150 seat venue located within the larger Berglund Center complex. It regularly hosts concerts, touring Broadway theatre performances, stand-up comedy shows, and the Miss Virginia pageant. The city’s first permanent artwork funded by the Percent for Art ordinance – a law stating that the city must set aside 1% of its capital improvements budget for the purchasing of public art – stands before the theater. Dedicated in 2008 to celebrate the city’s 150th anniversary, the 30-foot (9.1 m) stainless steel sculpture, “In My Hands”, is one of nearly 100 works in the city’s public art catalogue.

The Jefferson Center is a former city high school that saw extensive renovation during the 1990s, turning it into a mixed-use building including office space for non-profits and city departments, event space for meetings and receptions, and the Shaftman Performance Hall, a 925-seat theatre created from the original high school’s auditorium.

In 2006, the former Dumas Hotel was reopened as the Dumas Center for Artistic and Cultural Development. The center is located on Henry Street, which served as the commercial and cultural center of Roanoke’s African American community prior to a mid-20th century urban renewal project that saw much of the historic Gainsboro neighborhood razed or relocated. The Dumas Hotel hosted such guests as Louis Armstrong, Ethel Waters, Count Basie, Duke Ellington and Nat King Cole when they performed in Roanoke. The renovated Dumas Center features an auditorium with more than 200 seats, and the building is a contributing structure to the Henry Street Historic District, listed in 2004 to the National Register of Historic Places.

Since 1964 the Roanoke Valley has enjoyed performances by the Mill Mountain Theatre, a regional theatre that has been located in Center in the Square since its original home atop Mill Mountain burned down in 1976. The theatre has both a main stage for mainstream performances and a smaller black box theatre called Waldron Stage which hosts both newer and more experimental plays along with other live events.

Roanoke has also been home to the Showtimers Community Theatre since 1951, and since 2008 the Virginia Children’s Theatre has presented shows aimed at a younger audience, often based on children’s literature. Originally formed as Roanoke Children’s Theatre and housed in the Taubman Museum at that building’s opening, the theatre expanded into the Dumas Center in 2013, and in 2016 moved to its current home in the Jefferson Center.

Opera Roanoke is Southwest Virginia’s only professional opera company, and was established in 1976 as the Southwest Virginia Opera Society. It has performed under its current name since 1991, and its official orchestra since 2004 has been the Roanoke Symphony Orchestra (RSO). That group was established in 1953, and has been led since 1996 by music director and conductor David Wiley, under whose leadership the orchestra has grown to be the largest in Virginia west of Richmond. The orchestra performs out of the Berglund Performing Arts Theatre, Salem Civic Center, and Shaftman Performance Hall at Jefferson Center.

Roanoke is the largest metropolitan area on the Blue Ridge Parkway, a 469-mile-long scenic road that is the most-visited element of the National Park System. The Mill Mountain Parkway exit off of the Blue Ridge Parkway leads to the Roanoke Star, an 88.5 feet (27.0 m) tall illuminated star sitting atop a mountain inside the city’s limits and affording panoramic views of the valley. Also on the mountain’s summit is Mill Mountain Zoo, a Zoological Association of America-accredited facility housing over 170 animals.

St. Andrew’s Catholic Church rests on a hill overlooking downtown and has been called “one of Virginia’s foremost examples of the High Victorian Gothic”. The church dates to 1900, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Just below the church lies the Hotel Roanoke, an historic 330-room Tudor Revival hotel originally built by the Norfolk and Western Railway in 1882 and rebuilt and expanded many times since. Nicknamed the “Grand Old Lady”, the hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

A pedestrian bridge leads from the Hotel Roanoke to the city’s historic market building and farmers’ market, the latter of which dates to 1882 and is the oldest continuously operating open-air market in Virginia. Near the terminus of the market is Fire Station No. 1, which for a time was the oldest continuously operating station in the state. The Georgian Revival structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and currently houses a local furniture showroom, restaurant, and boutique hotel. Two blocks west on the same street is Texas Tavern, an “iconic” ten-seat greasy spoon restaurant that has been operated by the same family since its establishment in 1930.

Roanoke features a number of annual festivals and events of various types. A parade for St. Patrick’s Day occurs every March, and Pride in the Park is an LGBTQ+ community celebration that draws thousands of visitors every April. A number of events occur in May, including the Local Colors festival celebrating the cultures of the area’s diverse ethnicities, the city’s Strawberry Festival, the Down by Downtown music festival which coincides with the Blue Ridge Marathon, and Memorial Day weekend’s Festival in the Park, which brings music and vendors to downtown’s Elmwood Park.

Later in the year Elmwood Park hosts the Henry Street Heritage Festival, which is the primary fundraiser for the Harrison Museum of African American Culture. The event’s popularity necessitated the move from its eponymous location. The Go Outside Festival, also known as GO Fest, is a free three-day event every October that celebrates the region’s outdoor recreation opportunities, and each December the city holds the multi-week Dickens of a Christmas. This Victorian era-themed event includes a Christmas tree lighting, parade, and horse-drawn carriage rides through downtown.

The 1971–1972 Virginia Squires of the ABA were the only major league sports team to regularly play home games in Roanoke. During that season, the Squires split home games between Richmond, Norfolk, Hampton Roads and Roanoke. Julius Erving played his professional rookie season with the Squires that year before being sent to the New York Nets.

Minor league baseball has had a long history in the Roanoke Valley. In the 1940s and early 1950s, Roanoke was home to a class B farm team of the Boston Red Sox. Since 1955, neighboring Salem has hosted the local minor league baseball team, which as of 2023 is the Salem Red Sox of the Low-A Carolina League. The team had previously been affiliated with the Houston Astros and Colorado Rockies and known as the Avalanche until becoming an affiliate of the Boston Red Sox, whose ownership group purchased the Avalanche after the 2007 season.

The history of minor league hockey in the Roanoke Valley goes back to 1967. The Roanoke Express of the ECHL built a loyal following in the mid-1990s, but a combination of financial turmoil due to mismanagement and declining attendance from a lack of post-season success led to the ECHL ending their franchise in 2004. An attempt at a revival in 2005–06 by the UHL’s Roanoke Valley Vipers failed after one season. In 2016, professional ice hockey returned to Roanoke after ten years when the Roanoke Rail Yard Dawgs of the Southern Professional Hockey League began play, and the team won its first ever President’s Cup title in 2023.

While the Roanoke area is not home to any NCAA Division I schools, its proximity to Virginia Tech has led it to host a number of collegiate athletic events. Beginning in 1977, Roanoke along with Richmond was one of the primary neutral sites for the annual basketball game between Virginia Tech and the Virginia Cavaliers. In 2000 the schools started holding these games in their own campus facilities.

From 1913 Roanoke played host to an annual football game between Virginia Tech and the Virginia Military Institute, first at Maher Field then in the newly constructed Victory Stadium starting in 1942. The game was moved to Thanksgiving Day beginning in the early 1920s and was a holiday mainstay in the city until 1971.

Roanoke’s location among the Blue Ridge Mountains makes it a destination for other sporting events as well. Every year since 2010 (barring 2020 when it was held virtually due to the Covid-19 pandemic), the Roanoke Outside Foundation has put on the Blue Ridge Marathon, which has been referred to as the country’s toughest road marathon due to its considerable elevation changes. The USA Cycling Amateur Road National Championships were held in the city and surrounding areas in 2022 and 2023, and an Ironman 70.3 triathlon event brought competitors to the region from 2021–2023.

There are 60 parks within Roanoke’s city limits, and its parks and recreation department is responsible for nearly 14,000 acres of public land. Highland Park in the historic Old Southwest neighborhood is the city’s oldest, having been purchased in 1902 when the former farm was still distant from the settled part of the city. Elmwood Park in Downtown Roanoke became the city’s second in 1911. It features a Japanese magnolia tree that was acquired by Commodore Matthew Perry during an expedition to Japan and donated in 1857 to the former owner of the park. Today Elmwood holds the city’s main library branch as well as an art walk and a 4,000-seat amphitheater.

Roanoke features an extensive network of paved greenways for walkers, runners, and cyclists. Though the idea for a publicly owned greenway system can be traced back to a 1907 comprehensive plan for the city, it wasn’t until 1995 that an intergovernmental committee was formed for the purpose of planning and developing the project. Since that time, 26 miles of greenways have been built across the Roanoke Valley, including what will by the end of 2023 be a ten-mile continuous stretch along the Roanoke River from Salem through Roanoke City to Vinton. Roanoke County is also in the planning stages of extending that same stretch westward into Montgomery County.

Like most cities in Virginia, Roanoke has a council-manager form of government. The city manager is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the city’s government and has the authority to hire and fire city employees. The mayor has little executive authority and essentially is the “first among equals” on the Roanoke City Council, though the position wields influence through public appearances and annual State of the City addresses. The city council has six members, not counting the mayor, all of whom are elected on an at-large basis. A proposal for a ward-based council, in which the mayor and vice mayor would continue to be elected at-large, was rejected by Roanoke voters in 1997, but ward system advocates still contend that the at-large system results in a disproportionate number of council members coming from affluent neighborhoods and that electing some or all council members on a ward basis would result in a more equal representation of all areas of the city. The four-year terms of city council members are staggered, so there are biennial elections. The candidate who receives the most votes is designated the vice mayor for the following two years.

On June 27, 2016, Sherman P. Lea, Sr. took the office of mayor, and the current city manager, Bob Cowell, has been in that position since 2017. Joseph L. Cobb is serving his second term as the city’s vice mayor.

The city has adopted a budget for the 2024 fiscal year that includes revenues and expenditures totaling $355.4 million, which represents a 9.4% increase over the previous year. Local taxes, including real estate, personal property, and sales taxes, are the government’s largest source of revenue at over 70% of its intake.

Roanoke is represented by two members of the Virginia House of Delegates, Sam Rasoul (D-11th) and Chris Head (R-17th), and one member of the Virginia Senate, John Edwards (D-21st). In February of 2023, Edwards announced his intention to retire after 28 years in the state senate. The city lies within Virginia’s 6th congressional district, which also includes Lynchburg and much of the Shenandoah Valley. Since 2019 the district has been represented by Republican Ben Cline.

Roanoke is one of the few Democratic pockets in heavily Republican Southwest Virginia. It has supported the Democratic Party nominee in every election since 1988, and in all but one election since 1976.

The local public school division is Roanoke City Public Schools. The two general enrollment public high schools in Roanoke City are Patrick Henry High School, located in the Raleigh Court area, and William Fleming High School, located in Northwest Roanoke. The six public middle schools in Roanoke City are Woodrow Wilson, James Madison Middle School and John P. Fishwick that feed into Patrick Henry High School, and Lucy Addison, William Ruffner and James Breckinridge, that feed into William Fleming High School. The Noel C. Taylor learning academy is a combined middle and high school that serves students with individual educational needs.

Private non-parochial schools in Roanoke City include Community High School, that provides classes from ninth to 12th grade and New Vista Montessori, that provides classes from third to ninth grade. Private non-parochial schools outside of Roanoke City, but in the Roanoke Metropolitan Area, include North Cross School, which provides education from pre-kindergarten through the 12th grade.

Private parochial schools in Roanoke City include Roanoke Catholic, that provide classes from kindergarten to twelfth grade, and Roanoke Adventist Preparatory, that provides classes from kindergarten to eighth grade. Private parochial schools outside of Roanoke City, but in the Roanoke Metropolitan Area, include Roanoke Valley Christian Schools, Faith Christian School, Mineral Springs Christian School, Parkway Christian Academy, and Life Academy, all in Roanoke County.

Two four-year private institutions are situated in neighboring localities – Roanoke College in the city of Salem, and Hollins University in Roanoke County. Virginia Tech and Radford University’s main campuses are located in the nearby New River Valley, but Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute opened in Roanoke in 2007 and Virginia Tech also operates a satellite campus for higher education in Roanoke’s downtown. The medical school is in cooperation with Carilion Clinic, the regional nonprofit health care organization based in Roanoke. Virginia Western Community College is located in the city of Roanoke, as is the Jefferson College of Health Sciences.

The city’s daily newspaper, The Roanoke Times, has been published since 1886. Weekday circulation averages a little over 90,000 with Sunday circulation around 103,000. In 2002, it was designated the best-read daily newspaper in the country by the 2002 Scarborough Report. Of 162 newspapers in top US metropolitan areas, The Roanoke Times ranked first in the percentage of adults who read their daily newspaper. It ranked first again in 2006. The Roanoke Times established a web site in 1995 and has developed a web portal at Roanoke.com.

The Roanoke Times formerly published Blue Ridge Business Journal which served the business community in Roanoke and the surrounding region. However, it ceased freestanding publication in 2010 and was folded into the newspaper’s Sunday Business Publication as The Ticker. Valley Business Front is a monthly publication that targets the business community in the region. The weekly Roanoke Tribune was founded in 1939 by Fleming Alexander and covers the city’s African-American community. Main Street Newspapers publishes weekly newspapers for surrounding communities such as Salem, Vinton, southwest Roanoke County and Botetourt County. Play by Play is a monthly publication dedicated to local and regional sports.

The Roanoke Star-Sentinel is a weekly newspaper which covers the city of Roanoke. The South Roanoke Circle is an independent monthly newspaper for the neighborhood of South Roanoke.

The Roanoker is the area’s bi-monthly lifestyle magazine and is published by Leisure Publishing, which also publishes the bi-monthly Blue Ridge Country magazine.

Roanoke and Lynchburg are grouped in the same television market, which currently ranks #67 in the United States with 440,398 households. There are affiliates for all networks as well as independent stations. Stations in this market that are located in Roanoke include NBC affiliate WSLS 10, CBS affiliate WDBJ 7, Fox affiliate WFXR Fox 21/27, PBS affiliate WBRA-15, and ION Television affiliate WPXR-38.

The Roanoke-Lynchburg radio market has a population of 449,800 and is ranked number 115 in the United States as of 2020.

Interstate 581 is the primary north–south roadway through the city. It is also the only interstate highway as Interstate 81 passes north of the city limits. Interstate 581 is a concurrency with U.S. Route 220, which continues as the Roy L. Webber Expressway from downtown Roanoke, where the I-581 designation ends, south to State Route 419. Route 220 connects Roanoke to Martinsville, Virginia and Greensboro, North Carolina. The proposed Interstate 73 would generally parallel Route 220 between Roanoke and Greensboro and would likely be a concurrency with I-581 through the city. The primary east–west roadway is U.S. Route 460, named Melrose Avenue and Orange Avenue. Route 460 connects Roanoke to Lynchburg. U.S. Route 11 passes through the city, primarily as Brandon Avenue and Williamson Road, which was a center of automotive-based commercial development after World War II. Other major roads include U.S. Route 221, State Route 117 (known as Peters Creek Road) and State Route 101 (known as Hershberger Road). The Blue Ridge Parkway also briefly runs adjacent to the city border.

Roanoke is divided into four quadrants: Northwest (NW), Northeast (NE), Southwest (SW) and Southeast (SE). The mailing address for locations in Roanoke includes the two letter quadrant abbreviation after the street name. For example, the Center in the Square complex in downtown Roanoke has the address “1 Market Square SE”.

The Roanoke-Blacksburg Regional Airport is located in the northern part of the city and is the primary passenger and cargo airport for Southwest Virginia.

The city is known for its rail history. Into the 1960s the Norfolk and Western and Southern Railway ran three trains a day toward New York City; the trains went to different destinations to the west and south: Memphis, Nashville and New Orleans. From October 1, 1979, to October 31, 2017, Roanoke did not have passenger rail service. In August 2013, it was announced that Amtrak service as part of their Northeast Regional would be extended from Lynchburg to Roanoke by 2017. Construction of a platform for this new service began in fall 2016. On October 31, 2017, after 38 years without passenger rail service, Amtrak resumed service to Roanoke. Before passenger rail service resumed, a bus service, the Smart Way Connector, aligned with the Amtrak schedule to connect riders to the Kemper Street Station in Lynchburg.

Roanoke is a major hub in Norfolk Southern’s freight rail system. In 2006, the railroad announced plans to construct an intermodal rail yard in the community of Lafayette, Virginia of neighboring Montgomery County; however, opposition by local residents prompted Norfolk Southern to consider other potential sites. In 2007, the former Roanoke mayor David A. Bowers urged Roanoke to offer a site for the yard. Shortly thereafter, neighboring Salem proposed a site in an industrial area of the city. In 2008, Norfolk Southern determined that the Lafayette location was the only practical site. The Commonwealth of Virginia may also upgrade Norfolk Southern’s rail line parallel to Interstate 81 from Roanoke through the Shenandoah Valley to encourage more freight to be shipped by rail.

The Valley Metro bus system serves the city of Roanoke and surrounding areas. Nearly all routes originate or terminate at the Campbell Court bus station in downtown Roanoke, which is also served by Greyhound. Valley Metro also offers bus service to Blacksburg, Christiansburg, Lynchburg and Virginia Tech via the Smart Way and Smart Way Connector services. In addition, several free shuttles connect local colleges to downtown Roanoke. The Ferrum Express runs between Ferrum College in nearby Rocky Mount and downtown Roanoke, while the Hollins Express connects to Hollins University in Roanoke County.

Roanoke City is served by RIDE Solutions, a regional transportation demand management agency that provides carpool matching, cycling advocacy, transit assistance and remote work assistance to businesses and citizens in the region.

Born in Roanoke:

Raised in Roanoke:

One-time resident:

Many businesses and organizations have adopted “Star City” in their names, after the Mill Mountain Star. The older “Magic City” is still used, most prominently by Roanoke’s Ford dealership. The city’s original name of “Big Lick” is also used commercially and by an annual comic book convention.

Roanoke has six sister cities:

In February 2023 it was announced that the city would officially pause its sister city affiliation with Pskov, Russia, due to the continuing war in Ukraine.

37°16′N 79°56′W / 37.267°N 79.933°W / 37.267; -79.933